By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Imperial Mistakes The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. View original page. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) "White Lotus Rebellion Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. White Lotus - Wikipedia Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. #ga-ad {display: none;} The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Update now. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. . The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. . Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Updates? A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. [6] How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. (2020, August 27). The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Szczepanski, Kallie. The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. 22 Feb. 2023 . A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Corrections? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds . 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. "[5] Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. . In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" [CDATA[ This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. Omissions? After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. ." Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. . "Tianlijiao ", in. "White Lotus Rebellion The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. And so the war was waged. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. They are not like some external tribe . White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China.