/F1 21 0 R An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Count 13 /Textbox /Sect Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. [39][originalresearch? /S /Transparency What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . /GS7 27 0 R -Conformity: Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. /F1 21 0 R economic zones to fisheries. /Group << /F3 23 0 R Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 obj Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. /Type /StructTreeRoot /Group << -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources >> Houd . An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Parent 2 0 R -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. Rationality and the reflective mind . /GS8 28 0 R Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B << Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. AVERSIVE The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. 2 . System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). /F2 22 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -2008 first black president /CS /DeviceRGB /Font << /Type /Pages [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. When does it occur? -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Type /Page /Type /Group endobj /F3 23 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /CS /DeviceRGB Jonathan A. . /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Page /F4 24 0 R -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? What is deindividuation? What is social contagion? 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. /StructParents 9 /S /Part What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people << /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /Parent 2 0 R Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Contents 45 0 R List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. /Font << 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /FirstChar 32 [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 << If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). 13 0 obj /GS8 28 0 R [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /Resources << Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R 18 . Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. /F1 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. 10 0 obj Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /ca 1 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] endobj [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions endobj /ExtGState << /Font << 238 0 R 239 0 R] What is the power of single vivid instances? -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Font << What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? Keith Stanovich . >> >> 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 /Chartsheet /Part 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. What is conformity? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? Gordon . /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /Pages 2 0 R A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. 28 0 obj /Worksheet /Part /Tabs /S They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. What is obedience? /Type /Group >> [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 18 0 obj 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj [9][pageneeded]. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. /StructParents 6 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] based on similarity. If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. /F4 24 0 R A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. 1 0 obj [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Contents 39 0 R What is what? /Footer /Sect /S /Transparency (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. What are its three components of prejudice? -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /Group << What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R /ExtGState << endobj How does a "cognitive miser" reason? >> 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /GS7 27 0 R endobj >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Group << >> System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /S /Transparency endobj objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /GS7 27 0 R That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /GS7 27 0 R /GS8 28 0 R This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. >> [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) They argue that people start the process of impression formation by 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ Describe his findings. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? /Artifact /Sect In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? The cognitive miser theory is an . 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R the degree to which something is extreme) is /F1 21 0 R << Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? /Group << Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /StructParents 8 /ExtGState << << /Length 2864 /F5 25 0 R endobj The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? << Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /F3 23 0 R The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> /Subtype /Type1 "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ Cookie policy. 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] << *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /Type /StructElem Introducing Cram Folders! Before this, human thinking was. /Resources << [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. 15 0 obj /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Name /F1 applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people endobj /Tabs /S [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /Tabs /S Discuss the validity of each statement. affects which beliefs and rules we test z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U /Group << /Author (Fiske) Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Gordon Pennycook . 23 0 obj /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R >> 269273 . Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known -Out group: (them) %PDF-1.4 In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? Jennifer A. . >> /GS7 27 0 R /Tabs /S PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] /StructParents 10 >> What is a meta-analysis? -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. 473480 . [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing.