robert m kaplan south africa

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent condition among older adults, yet relatively little is known about how built environment variables may be associated with obesity in older age groups. Hospitalization was also associated with less physical activity time across all bouts of less than 10 minutes (1: -7 min/d for 1-3 cumulative hospital days, -16 min/d for 4 cumulative hospital days; 2: -5 min/d for 1-3 cumulative hospital days, -11 min/d for 4 cumulative hospital days; 5: -3 min/d for 1-3 cumulative hospital days, -4 min/d for 4 cumulative hospital days). Robert Kaplan Finance Director at Pensana Plc City of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa 364 followers 352 connections Join to view profile Pensana Plc University of the Witwatersrand. We compared the reliability, feasibility, and internal and predictive validity of conjoint scaling methods against better established rating scale and time tradeoff methods for assessing prostate cancer utilities in men at risk for prostate cancer. The company is headquartered in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. B., Williamson, J. D., Bonds, D., Romashkan, S., Hadley, E., Pahor, M. A Cost Analysis of a Physical Activity Intervention for Older Adults. Robert D. Kaplan Dr. Duyeon Kim Dr. Daniel Kliman Michael Kofman Christopher D. Kolenda Margarita "Rita" Konaev Steven Kosiak Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. Peter L. Levin Jennifer McArdle Brendan McCord Dr. ED McGrady Jack Midgley J Travis Mosier Dr. Go Myong-Hyun Catherine A. Novelli Dr. John Park Ben Renda Elina Ribakova Diem Salmon Robert Kaplan mbchb FRANZCP MA [Journ] Forensic Psychiatrist Clinical Associate Professor Graduate School of Medicine Wollongong University NSW Australia 332 Crown Street Wollongong and 16 Vernon Street Bondi Junction Phone (02) 4268 3949 Fax (02) 4210 7326 MOB 0408 363 383 E-Mail : info@rmkaplan.com.au DATE OF BIRTH: 13/04/50 Robert David Kaplan (born June 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American author of many books on politics primarily foreign affairs and travel, whose work over three decades has appeared in The Atlantic, The Washington Post, The New York Times, The New Republic, The National Interest, Foreign Affairs and The Wall Street Journal, among other We randomized a volunteer sample of 1635 sedentary men and women aged 70 to 89 years who had physical limitations, defined as a score on the Short Physical Performance Battery of 9 or below, but were able to walk 400 m.Participants were randomized to a structured, moderate-intensity physical activity program (n=818) conducted in a center (twice/wk) and at home (3-4 times/wk) that included aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training activities or to a health education program (n=817) consisting of workshops on topics relevant to older adults and upper extremity stretching exercises.The primary outcome was major mobility disability objectively defined by loss of ability to walk 400 m.Incident major mobility disability occurred in 30.1% (246 participants) of the physical activity group and 35.5% (290 participants) of the health education group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82 [95% CI, 0.69-0.98], P=.03).Persistent mobility disability was experienced by 120 participants (14.7%) in the physical activity group and 162 participants (19.8%) in the health education group (HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.57-0.91]; P=.006). Physical activity is an effective means of intervening on self-efficacy and satisfaction with physical function in older adults with impaired lower extremity functioning. University of Cape Town, Cape Town South Africa. Scheuter, C., Rochlin, D. H., Lee, C., Milstein, A., Kaplan, R. M. Contributions of Health Care to Longevity: A Review of 4 Estimation Methods. Two different functions (confirmation and exclusion) of both perceptions (Perceived Anxiety and Safety) can be quantified with those calculations.The analysis of six published tests and of one incompletely reported test on COVID-19 polymerase chain reactions (completed by four assumptions on high and low sensitivities and specificities) demonstrated that none of these tests induces 'Perceived Safety'. Fragoso, C. A., Beavers, D. P., Hankinson, J. L., Flynn, G., Berra, K., Kritchevsky, S. B., Liu, C. K., McDermott, M., Manini, T. M., Rejeski, W. J., Gill, T. M. Genetic influence on exercise-induced changes in physical function among mobility-limited older adults. During the transition to a democratic South Africa, a team of researchers and activists uncovered about 900 cases of young men aged 16 to 24 years old who underwent forceful surgeries and. Additionally, NDYN-O demonstrated higher diastolic blood pressure compared with DYN-O (70.910.1 vs 67.79.7, P.001). Kaplan, R. M., Crespi, C. M., Dahan, E., Saucedo, J. D., Pagan, C., Saigal, C. S. A Budget Impact Analysis of the Collaborative Care Model for Treating Opioid Use Disorder in Primary Care. Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to examine covariates of health-related quality of life over time in 2017.RESULTS: The sample had an overall mean Quality of Well-Being score of 0.613. See all books authored by Robert M. Kaplan, including Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues, and More Than Medicine: The Case for Social Investment to Improve America's Health, and more on ThriftBooks.com. About the. A renewed effort to increase the federal investment in behavioral and social sciences research is necessary. AS rates increased approximately monotonically with age. However, the interaction between mental health functioning and chronic disease diagnoses was statistically significant for only three conditions and accounted for only a small variation in cost. Fielding, R. A., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S., Church, T., Espeland, M. A., Gill, T. M., Guralnik, J. M., Hsu, F., Katula, J., King, A. C., Kritchevsky, S. B., McDermott, M. M., Miller, M. E., Nayfield, S., Newman, A. He has homes in Cape Town and Jerusalem. View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111641. The 22 table with inverted axes starts with the communication of a test result and presumes that the communication of bad news (whether right or false) will induce 'Perceived Anxiety' while good news will induce 'Perceived Safety'. Our guest today is Robert Kaplan. He is affiliated with medical facilities Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center and Sunrise Hospital And Medical Center. Among the 3 criteria of the SOF index, the physical activity intervention was associated with improvement in the inability to rise from a chair (adjusted prevalence difference, -0.050 [CI, -0.081 to -0.020]). To test whether a long term, structured physical activity program compared with a health education program reduces the risk of serious fall injuries among sedentary older people with functional limitations.Multicenter, single blinded randomized trial (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study).Eight centers across the United States, February 2010 to December 2011.1635 sedentary adults aged 70-89 years with functional limitations, defined as a short physical performance battery score 9, but who were able to walk 400 m.A permuted block algorithm stratified by field center and sex was used to allocate interventions. A consequence of neglecting to employ standardized cost-effectiveness analysis is that behavioral, psychological, and environmental interventions may be left out of resource allocation discussions. 160 likes. From 1997 to 2004 he was Professor and Chair of the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, at the University of California, San Diego. Sensitivity analyses indicated that results were relatively robust to varied assumptions.The PA intervention costs and QALYs gained are comparable to those found in other studies. A/Professor Robert Kaplan . A Budget Impact Analysis of the Collaborative Care Model for Treating Opioid Use Disorder in Primary Care. The genotype*treatment interaction was statistically significant for both gait speed (P = 0.002) and SPPB (P = 0.020). Department of Urology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.. Conjoint analysis is widely used in studies of consumer preference but has only recently been applied . Descriptive health-related quality of life (HRQOL) data are presented. Three articles address (1) standardizing methods for conducting cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses, (2) providing examples to illustrate progress in applying these methods to evaluate interventions delivered in whole or in part in clinical settings, and (3) providing nonclinical intervention examples selected to highlight the challenges and opportunities for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions in more diverse settings. 416 (57.4%) of the studies posted some results. Sleep-wake disturbances were evaluated using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (range 0-28; 8 defined insomnia), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (range 0-24; 10 defined daytime drowsiness), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (range 0-21; >5 defined poor sleep quality), and Berlin Questionnaire (high risk of sleep apnea).Prevalence rates were 43.5% for slow gait speed and 44.7% for moderate to severe mobility impairment, with 77.0% of accelerometry wear time spent as sedentary time. Kaplan, R. M., Gold, M., Duffy, S. Q., Miller, N., Glassman, J. R., Chambers, D. A., Ganiats, T. G., Berndt, S., Wilson, D. K. Standards for economic analyses of interventions for the field of health psychology and behavioral medicine. A., King, A. C., Frierson, G., Glynn, N. W., Hsu, F., Walkup, M., Pahor, M. Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Office of VP for University Human Resources, Office of Vice President for Business Affairs and Chief Financial Officer, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health, DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052120-012811. Most studies had data that could have been analysed and reported. PA interventions costs were slightly higher than other recent PA interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). Total score was calculated by averaging across questions; baseline fatigue was based on the median split: 2 or higher=more fatigue (N=856) and lower than 2=less fatigue (N=735). The results suggest that a targeted approach to recommending PA therapy for treatment of depression is viable. PURPOSE: Health care expenditures and biomedical research funding are often justified by the belief that modern health care powerfully improves life expectancy in wealthy countries. B., Pahor, M., Gill, T. M. Respiratory Impairment and Dyspnea and Their Associations with Physical Inactivity and Mobility in Sedentary Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Across 2 years, changes in ABI were not associated with changes in cognitive function.In an older cohort sedentary individuals with dementia and with functional limitations, lower baseline ABI was independently correlated with cognitive function and associated with greater 2-year risk for progression to mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia. Phone Numbers: 419-194-1606. Geopolitics. Participants (n=1170, 795 years) spent 642111 min/day in sedentary behavior (ie, <100 accelerometry counts/min). Accelerometry data collected during PA training revealed that the average intensity - 1,555 counts/minute for men and 1,237 counts/minute for women - was well below the cutoff point used to classify exercise as being of moderate intensity or higher for adults. B., Sink, K., Gill, T. M., King, A. C., Miller, M. E., Guralnik, J., Katula, J., Church, T., Manini, T., Reid, K. F., McDermott, M. M. The MAT-sf: Identifying Risk for Major Mobility Disability. While being a member of PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS, Camden County Bar Association , New Jersey Defense Association, Robert M. Kaplan is one of the more than one million lawyers in United . Fields of study that have received more extramural funding are associated with greater growth in faculty and higher faculty salaries. OBJECTIVE: The study examined whether comorbid low mental health functioning inflates the cost of treating a chronic disease.METHODS: Data were from the 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (N=33,893). Biography ID: 12846404 . Effect of Structured, Moderate Exercise on Kidney Function Decline in Sedentary Older Adults: An Ancillary Analysis of the LIFE Study Randomized Clinical Trial. We had a great time on holiday in Kwazulu-Natal as well. Sun 5 March, 9:30 - 12:30. The racial/ethnic distribution was 84.1% non-Hispanic white, 9.2% non-Hispanic black, 4.1% Hispanic, and 2.6% Asian. Interview: Robert Kaplan, . Groessl, E. J., Kaplan, R. M., Rejeski, W. J., Katula, J. Complete, transparent reporting of clinical trial data facilitates valid estimates of treatment efficacy. Robert M Kaplan Catherine M Crespi Ely Dahan Josemanuel D Saucedo Casey Pagan Christopher S Saigal. Quality of life outcome results are reported from a large trial of physical activity for sedentary older adults at risk for mobility disability.METHODS: Data were from the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders study. Participants with insomnia had a mean ISI score of 12.1, those with daytime drowsiness had a mean ESS score of 12.5, and those with poor sleep quality had a mean PSQI score of 9.2. A Phase 3 randomized controlled trial is needed to fill this evidence gap.The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study is a Phase 3 multicenter randomized controlled trial designed to compare a supervised moderate-intensity physical activity program with a successful aging health education program in 1,600 sedentary older persons followed for an average of 2.7 years.LIFE's primary outcome is major mobility disability, defined as the inability to walk 400 m. Secondary outcomes include cognitive function, serious fall injuries, persistent mobility disability, the combined outcome of major mobility disability or death, disability in activities of daily living, and cost-effectiveness.Results of this study are expected to have important public health implications for the large and growing population of older sedentary men and women. This is an important finding in light of the importance of these process variables in behavior change and quality of life. Robert D. Kaplan, The Return of Marco Polo's World: War, Strategy, and American Interests in the Twenty-first Century 2 likes Like "Today, despite the jet and information age, 90 percent of global commerce and two thirds of all petroleum supplies travel by sea." Robert D. Kaplan, Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.701203. Our study population also differed in being subject to organized screenings for musculoskeletal complaints. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to examine correlates of HRQOL.The mean QWB-SA score for the sample was 0.630 on an interval scale ranging from 0.0 (death) to 1.0 (asymptomatic, optimal functioning). View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4145029, View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.05.008, View details for Web of Science ID 000341167700011, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4145029. Genealogy profile for Robert Roman Kaplan. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304857). Tertiary outcomes included global and executive cognitive function and incident MCI or dementia at 24 months.At 24 months, DSC task and HVLT-R scores (adjusted for clinic site, sex, and baseline values) were not different between groups. All titles by Robert M. Kaplan: Handbook of Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Edited by Jerry M. Suls, Karina W. Davidson, and Robert M. Kaplan Hardcover A poll completed in August 2020 showed that about 20% of the population reported they were very unlikely to take a vaccine even if the evidence suggested it was safe and effective. Gill, T. M., Pahor, M., Guralnik, J. M., McDermott, M. M., King, A. C., Buford, T. W., Strotmeyer, E. S., Nelson, M. E., Sink, K. M., Demons, J. L., Kashaf, S. S., Walkup, M. P., Miller, M. E. An observational study identifying obese subgroups among older adults at increased risk of mobility disability: do perceptions of the neighborhood environment matter? View details for Web of Science ID 000467759600011, View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304857, View details for Web of Science ID 000457864000048, View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.09.015, View details for Web of Science ID 000455373700006, View details for Web of Science ID 000459714900011. Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Anton, S., Beavers, D. P., Manini, T. M., Fielding, R., Newman, A., Church, T., Kritchevsky, S. B., Conroy, D., McDermott, M. M., Botoseneanu, A., Hauser, M. E., Pahor, M. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FOR OBESITY: A DEBATE ON THE STATE OF THE EVIDENCE. Parasympathetic activity indexed by skin conductance response and high-frequency heart rate variability also showed more favorable outcomes in the IBMT group. Free delivery worldwide on over 20 million titles. The mean of 0.630 is 0.070 lower than a comparison group of healthy older adults. Presumed owner of the real estate located at 151 Tremont St #7j, Boston. #204. gait speed and performance on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB).The group*time interaction was not significant for serum CAF concentrations (p=0.265), indicating that the PA intervention did not significantly reduce serum CAF levels compared to SA. A., Bailey, C., Charpentier, P., Hawthorne-Jones, G., Mignosa, B., Lewis, L., Williamson, J., Sink, K. M., Hendrie, H. C., Rapp, S. R., Verghese, J., Woolard, N., Espeland, M., Jennings, J., Wilson, V. K., Pepine, C. J., Ariet, M., Handberg, E., Deluca, D., Hill, J., Szady, A., Chupp, G. L., Flynn, G. M., Gill, T. M., Hankinson, J. L., Vaz Fragoso, C. A., Groessl, E. J., Kaplan, R. M. Effects of Mental Health on the Costs of Care for Chronic Illnesses: In Reply. View details for DOI 10.1093/milmed/usab271. All cognitive measures loaded onto the first principal component (global cognitive function), which accounted for 40% of the overall variance.Our results support the use of computer-based tools for assessing cognitive function in multicenter clinical trials of older individuals. Patient-reported outcomes are recognized as essential for the evaluation of medical and public health interventions. According to ZoomInfo records, Robert Kaplan's professional experience began in 1996. Symptoms of lack of positive affect decreased more in men compared to women, particularly in those possessing the 5-HTT L allele, but the effect did not differ by intervention arm. Lastly, the IBMT group had stronger brain connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the striatum at resting state, as well as greater volume of gray matter in the striatum. With support from the Society for Health Psychology, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Office for Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) at the National Institutes of Health, two working group meetings were held to consider the use of well-established cost-effectiveness methodologies for the evaluation of behavioral and public health interventions. View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4772786. Dr Robert M Kaplan is a company that operates in the Hospital & Health Care industry. Several studies have shown that regular physical activity improves functional limitations and intermediate functional outcomes, but definitive evidence showing that major mobility disability can be prevented is lacking. Catalogues live online from 5th March. Robert S. Kaplan is Senior Fellow and Marvin Bower Professor of Leadership Development, Emeritus at the Harvard Business School. Our findings show that the majority of diabetes cases are preventable, and risk reduction strategies can be effectively applied to all racial/ethnic groups. Robert M Kaplan Boca Raton, FL (Century Village West) AGE 70s AGE 70s Robert M Kaplan Boca Raton, FL (Century Village West) Aliases Bob L Kaplan Phone NumberAddressBackground Report Aliases Bob L Kaplan Addresses Preston a Boca Raton, FL Eagle Creek Ct Boca Raton, FL James St Aledo, TX Relatives His 20 books and over 560 articles or chapters have been cited more than 55,000 times (H-index>100) and the ISI includes him in the listing of the most cited authors in his field (defined as above the 99.5th percentile). The mental component summary (MCS) score of the 12-item Short Form (SF-12) was used as a measure of mental health status. Secondary analyses classified intervention participants into two subgroups, (1) individual therapy only or (2) group training (i.e., coping skills training) plus individual therapy, to determine whether medical outcomes differed in participants who received the combination of group training and individual therapy compared to participants who received individual therapy only or usual care.Secondary analyses of 1243 usual care, 781 individual therapy only, and 356 group plus individual therapy myocardial infarction (MI) patients were performed. Robert D. Kaplan is senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, national correspondent for the Atlantic, and a member of the U.S.Defense Department's Defense Policy Board. Incident AS cases were identified using diagnostic codes from electronic medical and administrative records.RESULTS: In contrast to some prior studies, AS incidence was similar among males and females (incidence rate ratio: 1.16, p = 0.23; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.61 - 1.02; p = 0.072). No differences for any other cognitive or composite measures were observed. View details for DOI 10.1080/21642850.2021.1979407, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8462930. Those with less education were also more likely to be uninsured throughout the year. Our paper demonstrates thatthis FFF rule applies equally well to the designers of clinical studies. Robert M. Kaplan is a forensic psychiatrist, speaker and writer based in Wollongong, Australia. The interpretation of screening results is also affected by several known biases. View details for DOI 10.14283/jfa.2016.76, View details for Web of Science ID 000449826700002, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4905714. Time spent watching television was positively associated with BMI, while reading and computer use were not. Four examples present are as follows: disregarding this FFF rule causes an inconsistent terminology to differentiate between efficacy and effectiveness, inconsistent differentiation of efficacy and effectiveness interferes with the consistent interpretation of the results of clinical studies, inconsistent interpretation of clinical studies results in an unexpectedly variance of recommendations in clinical guidelines and the fusion of the FFF designer rule and of the demands of Cochrane and Bradford Hill ('can it work? How scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet. . However, statistical test results were not included in 230 studies (55.3%). However, in analyses that were not prespecified, sex specific differences were observed for rates of all serious fall injuries (rate ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.95 in men; 1.07, 0.75 to 1.53 in women; P=0.043 for interaction), fall related fractures (0.47, 0.25 to 0.86 in men; 1.12, 0.77 to 1.64 in women; P=0.017 for interaction), and fall related hospital admissions (0.41, 0.19 to 0.89 in men; 1.10, 0.65 to 1.88 in women; P=0.039 for interaction).In this trial, which was underpowered to detect small, but possibly important reductions in serious fall injuries, a structured physical activity program compared with a health education program did not reduce the risk of serious fall injuries among sedentary older people with functional limitations. We performed a budget impact analysis from the perspective of the U.S. health care system based on published and gray literature reports. Dismiss. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01072500).8 U.S. centers between February 2010 and December 2013.1635 sedentary persons, aged 70 to 89 years, who had functional limitations but could walk 400 m.Physical activity (n= 818) and health education (n= 817).MMD, defined as the inability to walk 400 m, was assessed every 6 months for up to 3.5 years.During a median follow-up of 2.7 years, the proportion of assessments showing MMD was substantially lower in the physical activity (0.13 [95% CI, 0.11 to 0.15]) than the health education (0.17 [CI, 0.15 to 0.19]) group, yielding a risk ratio of 0.75 (CI, 0.64 to 0.89). Physical activity interventions can slow the decline in quality of life, and targeting specific subgroups may enhance the effects of such interventions. Kaplan was elected to the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) in 2005. The original trial was conducted across 8 academic centers in the US from February 2010 through December 2013. Last updated 4 months ago. Robert M. Kaplan has served as Chief Science Officer at the US Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Associate Director of the National Institutes of Health, where he led the behavioral and social sciences programs. Kaplan is a past President of five academic societies. Baseline and long-term follow-up (2.6 years) health-related quality of life data were collected as a secondary outcome. Porzsolt, F., Pfuhl, G., Kaplan, R. M., Eisemann, M. The terminology conflict on efficacy and effectiveness in healthcare. Robert D. Kaplan is a contributing editor at The Atlantic, a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security in Washington and the author, most recently, of Asia's Cauldron: The South . Looking for books by Robert M. Kaplan? Run Background Search Optout of Search Copy Link. A preliminary cost/effectiveness analysis gauged the cost/disability avoided to be $28,206. He joined the HBS faculty in 1984 after spending 16 years on the faculty of the business school at Carnegie-Mellon University, where he served as Dean from 1977 - 1983. The traditional 22 table starts with the hypothesis, uses a test and a gold standard to confirm or exclude the investigated condition. Robert M Kaplan South African Journal of Psychiatry | Vol 9, No 2 | a137 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v9i2.137 | 2003 Robert M Kaplan | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0 Submitted: 11 August 2008 | Published: 01 September 2003 About the author (s) Robert M Kaplan, HMPG, South Africa Groessl, E. J., Kaplan, R. M., Rejeski, W., Katula, J. Limited evidence suggests that physical activity may prevent frailty and associated negative outcomes in older adults. Robert M. Kaplan joined the firm in 1987 and has been a partner since 1991, working out of the Mt. Fragoso, C. A., Miller, M. E., Fielding, R. A., King, A. C., Kritchevsky, S. B., McDermott, M. M., Myers, V., Newman, A. Both groups declined in quality of life over time, but assignment to the physical activity intervention resulted in a slower decline in health-related quality of life scores (p=0.03). These interventions illustrate differences in the availability of cost and cost-effectiveness data and in the extent of intervention adoption and integration into routine delivery of medical care. Robert Kaplan brings together extensive data to make the case that health care priorities in the United States are sorely misplaced. As the number of older adults in the United States rises, maintaining functional independence among older Americans has emerged as a major clinical and public health priority. Robert M Kaplan Forensic Psychiatrist Clinical Associate Professor Graduate School of Medicine University of Wollongong Schaumburg, IL 60194. Although a safe and effective vaccine holds the greatest promise for resolving the COVID-19 pandemic, hesitancy to accept vaccines remains common. Before 2011 rates of hospitalization for heart attacks were about the same in San Diego County as they were in the rest of California. Sensitivity analyses using MCS score as a continuous variable, using a log10 transformation of the cost variable, and focusing only on persons with scores on the extreme low end did not significantly alter the conclusions.CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to expectation, the combination of poor mental functioning and chronic disease diagnosis did not have a strong synergistic effect on cost. In the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders cohort, their external validity was further demonstrated by associations with other risk factors for cognitive dysfunction: education, hypertension, diabetes, and physical function.