chemolithotrophic bacteria slideshare chemolithotrophic bacteria slideshare

Colorful Retro Vintage Illustration Animated Medical Technology Education Sci Diversity and Selection of Shell of the Hermit Crab of Mandvi, Kachchh Coast, A Pragmatic Approach for Solving the Sports Scheduling Problem-presentation.pdf, Simulations of Test Reduction Using Pooled Heavy Metals Analysis inCannabis, Easy-handling carbon nanotubes decorated poly(arylene ether nitrile).pdf, IMPORTANCE OF RAINFOREST PLANTS FOR THE SIEKOPAI PEOPLE OF THE AMAZON.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Winogradsky, S., 1888. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help [citation needed], As Liebig's law of the minimum notes, the essential element present in the smallest amount (called limiting factor) is the one that determines the growth rate of a population. 153 294298, Nishihara, H., Igarashi, Y., Kodama, T. 1991 Hydrogenovibrio marinus gen. nov. sp. 38 457478, Robertson, L. A., Kuenen, J. G. 1983 Thiosphaera pantotropha gen. nov. sp. Microbiol. nov Int. Biochar-induced negative carbon mineralization priming effects in a coastal wetland soil: Roles of soil aggregation and microbial modulation. Rev. USA 95 68546859, Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P. 1983 Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of three thermoacidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria FEMS Microbiol. nov., a novel nitrate-reducing hyperthermophilic Archaeum Appl. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Calvin cycle is the most common CO2 fixation mechanism, and the reductive TCA cycle, acetyl-CoA pathway and 3-hydroxypropionate cycle are found in some chemolithotrophic prokaryotes. 0000055870 00000 n https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13187-9_79, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 19 375390, Eccleston, M., Kelly, D. P. 1978 Oxidation kinetics and chemostat growth kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on tetrathionate and thiosulfate J. Bacteriol. . Bacterial leaching Verlag Chemie Weinheim. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, sulfur oxidizers and reducers, nitrifiers, anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophiles. Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 23:319324. Chemolithotrophy can occur aerobically or anaerobically. ( a, Image of ( a ) a bright-field STEM and ( b ) a, MeSH Just as both the electron donors and acceptors can vary widely for this group of organisms, the amount of ATP generated for their efforts will vary widely as well. Even after decades of studies on sulfur oxidation by these bacteria, this problem has not been fully resolved although it is widely thought . 10 209212, Fromageot, C., Senez, J. C. 1960 Aerobic and anaerobic reactions of inorganic substances M. Florkin and H. S. Mason (ed.) Physiological Reviews 7:85106. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 0000024652 00000 n Meyer, O., Schlegel, H. G. 1978. Some of the electrons are used to generate a proton motive force reducing O2 while the remaining electrons reduce NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H through a reverse of the electron transport chain. Appl. In: Reitner, J., Thiel, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology 27:121149. Eccleston, M., Kelly, D. P. 1978. J. Syst. Presentation by: Examples of these proteins include ironsulfur proteins, hemoglobin, and coordination complexes. } Iron is a trace element in marine environments. These are bacteria that live in extremes of pH , temperature of pressure, as three examples. Serol. Pan Y, Kang P, Tan M, Hu J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Song N, Li X. 0000004523 00000 n eCollection 2022. Microbiol. J. Syst. 0000006550 00000 n Chemoautotrophic bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with these worms which have no digestive tract, making organic molecules for the worms from hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Evidence for the presence of phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. PMC Chemoheterotrophs (or chemotrophic heterotrophs) are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds. National Library of Medicine Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Epub 2016 Aug 5. Rev. 0000043076 00000 n The phylogeny of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, Quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in arable soil by real-time PCR, Evidence that particulate methane monooxygenase and ammonia monooxygenase may be evolutionarily related, Enzymology of the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by bacteria, A survey of 16 S rRNA and amoA genes related to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta-subdivision of the class proteobacteria in contaminated groundwater, Mathematical modeling of autotrophic denitrification in a nitrifying biofilm of a rotating biological contactor, Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a model for molecular microbial ecology. These chemoautotrophs oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-). Coupled Photochemical and Enzymatic Mn(II) Oxidation Pathways of a Planktonic Roseobacter-Like Bacterium Aerobic refers to oxygen as it concerns an organism. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. ( a ) Non-metric multidimensional scaling plot illustrating the similarities between individual samples, Phylogenetic tree based on the OTU0001s partial 16S rRNA gene sequence (482 nucleotides), Metabolic reconstructions of the three dominant bacteria (that is, Gama1, Oxal1 and Thio1), Electron micrographs of GISH for OTU0001 on a mineral-enriched biochar particle. 0000019448 00000 n Sci Total Environ. 26 slides Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria Gayatri R. Kachh 1.9k views 11 slides photosynthetic microorganisms (microbial metabolism) Nidhi Jodhwani 973 views 15 slides Energy from visible radiation-Cyanobacteria JerimonPJ 110 views 20 slides Chemoautotrophs and photosynthetic eubacteria ramukhan Lett. ." Chemolithotrophy Autotrophic bacteria Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 365382, Galtier, N., Tourasse, N., Gouy, M. 1999 A nonhyperthermophilic common ancestor to extant life forms Science 283 220221, Gautier, D. 1992 Primitive planetary atmospheres: origin and evolution J. Tran Thanh Van, K. Tran Thanh Van, J. C. Mounlou, J. Schneider, and C. McKay (eds.) Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Lewis, A. J., Miller, D. J. D. 1977. 0000060061 00000 n Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Some microbes are chemolithoheterotrophs, using an inorganic chemical for their energy and electron needs, but relying on organic chemicals in the environment for their carbon needs. 1992 Synthesis of polysaccharides by Methylococcus capsulatus under different growth conditions Microbiology (Moscow) 61 277282, Kiesow, L. 1963 ber die Reduktion von Diphospho-pyridinnucleotid bei der Chemosynthese Biochem. 0000012411 00000 n The term chemolithotrophy describes the energy metabolism of bacteria that can, in the absence of light, use the oxidation of inorganic substances as a source of energy for cell biosynthesis and maintenance (Rittenberg, 1969). The acceptance of an electron by an oxygen atom creates water and sulfur. Rev. Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in bacteria, Structure and function of a nitrifying biofilm as determined by in situ hybridization and the use of microelectrodes, Electron transfer during the oxidation of ammonia by the chemolithotrophic bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Bioenergetics, Microbial nitrogen cycles: physiology, genomics and applications, Characterization of an operon encoding two c-type cytochromes, an aa3-type cytochrome oxidase, and rusticyanin in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 33020, Anaerobic sulfide-oxidation in marine colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Identification of two outer membrane proteins involved in the oxidation of sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Isolation and characterization of strains CVO and FWKOB, two novel nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria isolated from oil field brine, Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. 3 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. [1] Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light while chemolithoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs or chemoautotrophs) derive their . Microbiol. 2023 Feb 17;20(4):3587. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043587. Prokaryotes, 2, 441456. The capacity of photo-trophic sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina for chemosynthesis. startxref The History and Evolution of Bergey's Manual 1. Nitrification, or the oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate by chemolithotrophic bacteria, is a key process in the global nitrogen cycle. Most chemoautotrophs are extremophiles, bacteria or archaea that live in hostile environments (such as deep sea vents) and are the primary producers in such ecosystems. CrossRef Chemolithotrophy. The results show that the biochar and the MEBs harbor distinct bacterial communities to the bulk soil. Chemolitho (auto)trophic bacteria Elemental sulfur granules present in the tissues of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from a submerged cave in central Florida. Autotrophy and the origins of metabolism Trends Biochem. Rev. Careers. Sulfur Oxidizing Autotrophic bacteria obtain the carbon that they need to sustain survival and growth from carbon dioxide (CO2). dkNET Office Hours - "Are You Ready for 2023: New NIH Data Management and Sha REGENERATIVE BRAKING IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES.pptx, Easy-handling carbon nanotubes decorated poly(arylene ether nitrile).pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Journal of Bacteriology 110:633642. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Origins of Life 8:173174. 2. University of London, London, England. "useRatesEcommerce": false 3xY.uSSOpx Google Scholar. J. Syst. 11 345385, Kelly, D. P. 1991 The chemolithotrophic prokaryotes A. Balows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.s) The prokaryotes, 2nd ed., Springer New York NY 331343, Kelly, D. P. 1999 Thermodynamic aspects of energy conservation by chemolithotrophic sulfur bacteria in relation to the sulfur oxidation pathways Arch. In elementary particle physics, t, Aerobic Microbiol. Aleem, M. I. H., Hoch, G. E., Varner, J. E. 1965. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. That is, they derive their energy from the energy already stored in chemical compounds. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. These bacteria (220 species of 60 genera) can use a large variety of compounds as electron donors and to mediate electron flow . Bacteriological Reviews 41:419448. 1992 Life at the upper temperature border J. Tran Thanh Van, K. Tran Thanh Van, H. C. Mounlou, J. Schneider, and C. McKay (ed.s) Frontiers of life, Editions Frontieres Gif-sur-Yvette France 195219, Taylor, S. 1977 Evidence for the presence of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase in Methylococcuscapsulatus (Bath) FEMS Microbiol. 147 184189, Barros, M. E. C., Rawlings, D. E., Woods, D. R. 1984 Mixotrophic growth of a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain Appl. A problem posed by the chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria is the elucidation of the mechanism by which elemental sulfur and the sulfane-sulfur (-S-) of the thionic acids are converted to sulfite. Thermochemistry is the part of thermodynamics that studies the relationship between heat and chemical reactions. 7 85106, CAS 0000084636 00000 n London: Longman. Whittenbury, R., Kelly, D. P. 1977. How do. Bacteriol. The position of nitrate respiration in evolution. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents. Bakteriol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Reference Module Physical and Materials Science, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 0000078893 00000 n 80 501507, Metzdorf, N., Kaltwasser, H. 1988 Utilization of organic compounds as the sole source of nitrogen by Thiobacillus thiooxidans Arch. 0000011147 00000 n If the molecules are small, as with the elements listed above, they can be utilized by chemolithotrophs. 15 340351, Ishii, M., Miyake, T., Satoh, T., Sugiyama, H., Oshima, Y., Igarashi, Y. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Pfeffer, W. 1897. Autotrophy: A conceptual phoenix. The wide range of these. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the . Enzymes of a reductive citric acid cycle in the autotrophic Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus Arch. Render date: 2023-03-05T01:35:09.015Z Microbiol. Nitrogen fixation describes the conversion of the relatively inert dinitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), a much more useable form of nitrogen for most life forms. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Appl. Autotrophy: Concepts of lithotrophic bacteria and their organic metabolism. Bioleaching is a simple and effective technology for metal extraction from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates. Natl. 42 6598, Kelly, D. P. 1989 Physiology and biochemistry of unicellular sulfur bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) hb```b``? @1v Part of Springer Nature. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology 38:457478. Env. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. How do chemolithoautotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs differ? Abt. Iron is the most common limiting element in phytoplankton communities and has a key role in structuring and determining their abundance. Microbiol. Environ. 93 874878, Hipp, W. M., Pott, A. S., Thum-Schmirtz, N., Faath, I., Dahl, C., Truper, H. G. 1997 Towards a phylogeny of APS reductases and sirohaem sulfite reductases in sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes Microbiology (UK) 143 28912902, Holmes, A. J., Costello, A., Lidstrom, M. E., Murrell, J. C. 1995 Evidence that particulate methane monooxygenase may be evolutionarily related FEMS Microbiol. Lett. Tech. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115 59 218225, Lyalikova, N. N. 1972 Oxidation of trivalent antimony up to higher oxides as a source of energy for the development of a new autotrophic organism, Stibiobacter gen. nov. [Russian] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 205 12281229, Maden, B. E. H. 1995 No soup for starters? Chemoautotrophs include bacteria, fungi , animals, and protozoa . @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. B. Environ. Introduction to the Chemolithotrophic Bacteria. 1966 A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium Proc. 0000084677 00000 n 347409. 49 645651, Rittenberg, S. C. 1969 The roles of exogenous organic matter in the physiology of chemolithotrophic bacteria Adv. Google Scholar, Gupta, R. S. 1998a Lifes third domain (Archaea): an established fact or an endangered paradigm? Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Google Scholar. Most chemolithotrophs are autotrophs (chemolithoautotrophs), where they fix atmospheric carbon dioxide to assemble the organic compounds that they need. Autotrophicbacteria Springer-Verlag Berlin Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 397413, Thauer, R. K., Jungermann, K., Decker, K. 1977 Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria Bacteriol. Chemoautotrophs thrive in such an environment. Biotechnol. Biochar decreases nitrogen oxide and enhances methane emissions via altering microbial community composition of anaerobic paddy soil. Bacteriol. Total loading time: 0 By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. The nitrogen cycle depicts the different ways in which nitrogen, an essential element for life, is used and converted by organisms for various purposes. (trans. Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Nitrogen fixation is an essential process for Earths organisms, since nitrogen is a required component of various organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides. Broda, E. 1977b. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. We therefore analyzed the diversity and functions of bacterial communities on the surfaces of one biochar and two different MEBs after a 140-day incubation in soil. hasContentIssue true, Introduction to bacterial physiology and metabolism, Composition and structure of prokaryotic cells, Membrane transport nutrient uptake and protein excretion, Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, Heterotrophic metabolism on substrates other than glucose, Energy, environment and microbial survival, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790461.011, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 0000006866 00000 n J. Syst. 62 947953, Nelson, D. C., Jannasch, H. W. 1983 Chemoautotrophic growth of a marine Beggiatoa in sulfide-gradient cultures Arch. 0000056599 00000 n 3951. Microbiol. Electrons from these electron donors are transferred to coenzyme Q or to cytochromes. USA 31 153157, Huber, R., Wilharm, T., Huber, D., Trincone, A., Burggraf, S., Konig, H., Rachel, R., Rockinger, I., Fricke, H., Stetter, K. O. The bacteria, vol. Microbiol. <<2BA946479B978D4B846C4D95FC028DE9>]/Prev 510177/XRefStm 2347>> 1985 Isolation of thermophilic, obligately autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, similar to Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, from Icelandic hot springs Arch. Ecol. The grouping of the chemolithotrophs as a taxonomic unit is thus at least as artificial as most taxonomic devices in that representatives of virtually the whole range of possible morphology and physiology among bacteria are included. 2, part I 960, Schmidt, I., Bock, E. 1997 Anaerobic ammonia oxidation with nitrogen dioxide by Nitrosomonas eutropha Arch. Autotrophic organisms convert inorganic molecules into organic compounds. They will not make as much ATP as an organism using aerobic respiration, since the largest E0 is found using glucose as an electron donor and oxygen as an electron acceptor. You can read the details below. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal ." Energetic aspects of the metabolism of reduced sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus denitrificans. Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. Geobiology Group Geoscience Center, University of Gttingen, Goldschmidtstr. ATP is gained by the process of oxidative phosphorylation, using an ETC, PMF, and ATP synthase. This kind of bacterial metabolism is referred to as mixotrophy. Reduced sulfur, nitrogen and iron species and hydrogen are the most common substrates (Table 1). 1998 Phylogeny of dissimilatory sulfite reductases supports an early origin of sulfate respiration J. Bacteriol. 12. An example of one of these prokaryotes would be Sulfolobus. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. 17, Kelly, D. P. 1978 Bioenergetics of chemolithotrophic bacteria A. T. Bull and P. M. Meadow (ed.) Acad. 47 522528, Nelson, D. C., Hagen, D. C. 1996 Organic carbon utilization by obligately and facultatively autotrophic Beggiatoa strains in homogeneous and gradient cultures Appl. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923- 1994) 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic First edition-1923 (one volume) Seventh edition-1957 (one volume) 8th edition-1975 (one volume) 9th . Denitrifying microbes perform anaerobic respiration, using NO3- as an alternate final electron acceptor to O2. The evolution of bacteria to exist as chemoautotrophs or chemolithotrophs has allowed them to occupy niches that 0000086237 00000 n 20 107112, Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P., Norris, P. R. 1987 Autotrophic growth of four Sulfolobus strains on tetrathionate and the effect of organic nutrients Arch. 76 252264, van Niel, C. B. Communities on biochar and MEBs were dominated by a novel Gammaproteobacterium. 17 491493, Burggraf, S., Olse, G. J., Stetter, K. O., Woese, C. R. 1992 A phylogenetic analysis of Aquifex pyrophilus Syst. Chemolithotrophic bacteria with the ability to use inorganic sources were discovered by Winograsky, one of the modern microbiology pioneers, in late 1880 (1). 0000047357 00000 n . 0000005371 00000 n nov., and Acidianus brierleyi comb. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Examples of inorganic compounds that are used by these types of bacteria are sulfur, ammonium ion (NH4+), and ferrous iron (Fe2+). What roles do bacteria/archaea play in the nitrogen cycle? How are different nitrogen compounds used in their metabolism? As mentioned above, nitrification is a 2-step process performed by chemolithotrophs using a reduced or partially reduced form of nitrogen as an electron donor to obtain energy. Microbiol. Download preview PDF. How does their amount of ATP produced compare to chemoorganotrophs? What are the most common electron donors and acceptors for chemolithotrophs? Kelly, D. P. 1967. ?C~9}*l,82,bbfYvAjLM.P01;!3h3$oal|`fL%o3&00|``~)QAFF/$b`4 Marine ecology, vol. Published online by Cambridge University Press: nov., represents a novel group of marine hyperthermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria Syst. Chemolithotrophs use a variety of inorganic compounds as electron donors, with the most common substances being hydrogen gas, sulfur compounds (such as sulfide and sulfur), nitrogen compounds (such as ammonium and nitrite), and ferrous iron. Altmetric. A lithoautotroph is an organism which derives energy from reactions of reduced compounds of mineral (inorganic) origin. Moreover, there is no sunlight. 12 337342, Bock, E. 1976 Growth of Nitrobacter in the presence of organic matter. World of Microbiology and Immunology. 47 593595, Beh, M., Strauss, G., Huber, R., Stetter, K. O., Fuchs, G. 1993 Enzymes of the reductive citric acid cycle in the autotrophic eubacterium Aquifex neutrophilus Arch. The scale bar represents 5% nucleotide substitutions. Symp. Broda, E. 1977a. 3 159196, Rittenberg, S. C. 1972 The obligate autotrophthe demise of a concept Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. 0000047273 00000 n "Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Roy. Chemolithotrophic bacteria with the ability to use inorganic sources were discovered by Winograsky, one of the modern microbiology pioneers, in late 1880 (1). Part of Springer Nature. In: Gould, G. W., Corry, J. E. L. 18 517526, Thauer, R. K. 1989 Energy metabolism of sulfate-reducing bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) 1988 Isolation of strictly thermophilic and obligately autotrophic hydrogen bacteria Agr. By oxidizing the compounds, the energy stored in chemical bonds can be utilized in cellular processes. New York: Academic Press. nov.:mixed cultures ferrous iron Microbiology (UK) 142 785790, Cypionka, H., Smock, A. M., Bottcher, M. E. 1998 A combined pathway of sulfur compound disproportionation in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans FEMS Microbiol. Mechanisms of chemoautotrophy, pp. 1963 Thiobacillus intermedius nov. sp. What conversion is occurring for each? 17. 110 633642, Mason, J., Kelly, D. P. 1988 Thiosulfate oxidation by obligately heterotrophic bacteria Microb. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. 47 508516, Gde, H., Strohl, W. R., Larkin, J. M. 1981 Mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of Beggiatoaalba in continuous culture Arch.