Dollars. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. The first offering to the public required the buyer to purchase one to be given to a child in the developing world as a condition of acquiring a machine for themselves. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. C. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. Under the direction of engineer Dr. Paul Friedl, the Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) personal computer prototype is developed at IBM's Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California laboratories. Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. IBMs first personal computer, the system was designed to run the APL programming language in a compact, briefcase-like enclosure which comprised a keyboard, CRT display, and cassette tape storage. Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. Apollo was a leading innovator in the workstation field for more than a decade, and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. The micro has to have a real . The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Linux, NetWare, UNIX, Windows. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. Based around the Texas Instruments TMS 9900 microprocessor running at 3 MHz, the TI 99/4 has one of the fastest CPUs available in a home computer. The line was discontinued less than two years later. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. The kit was the cover story of hobbyist magazine Radio-Electronics in July 1974 six months before the MITS Altair 8800 was in rival Popular Electronics magazine. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. Though it used a proprietary operating system, RISC OS, the RISC PC could run PC-compatible software using the Acorn PC Card. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Also known inside IBM as the Defense Calculator," the 701 rented for $15,000 a month. The chip quickly became popular with designers of early personal computers like the Apple II and Commodore PET, as well as game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System. Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. When Xerox PARC loaned the Stanford Engineering Department an entire Alto Ethernet network with laser printer, graduate student Andy Bechtolsheim re-designed it into a prototype that he then attached to Stanfords computer network. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. Inside was a Z80 microprocessor and a built-in BASIC language interpreter. server. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. The boss wants it to have a complex user interface with a time display, touch panel buttons and accurate timing for the toast cycle. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. True/False True The most controversial changes to Windows in Windows 8 were the GUI. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. The machine was designed and built by Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry between 1939 and 1942. Promotional shot of the Compaq Deskpro 386s. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. In some places, lower populations of ELL students may result in distorted data analysis. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. The TRS-80 was priced at $599.95, included a Z80 microprocessor, video display, 4 KB of memory, a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, cassette storage, and easy-to-understand manuals that assumed no prior knowledge on the part of the user. Twitter is an example of which web-based collaboration resource? Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. What type of software allows teachers and students in different locations to use it to create, edit, and share documents at the same time over the Internet? [2] When was the word "computer" first used? Its chiclet keyboard was also criticized for poor ergonomics. What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. mainframe computer. 2. The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. The AGC was one of the earliest uses of integrated circuits, and used core memory, as well as read-only magnetic rope memory. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users altered by reprogramming rather than rewiring. The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. The Invention of the PC These innovations made it cheaper and easier to. In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. "Best study app ever! By 2011, over 2.4 million laptops had been shipped. Designed to replace the 32-bit VAX architecture, the Alpha is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. The company was incorporated by three 26-year-old Stanford alumni: Bechtolsheim, Vinod Khosla and Scott McNealy. Definition. The project became the One Laptop per Child Consortium (OLPC) founded by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of MIT's Media Lab. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. Replacing their Archimedes computer, the RISC PC from UK's Acorn Computers uses the ARMv3 RISC microprocessor. Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. selecting effective instructional software. Answers: Convert data into an electronic machine-readable form for direct entry into a computer system. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. What is the general term for software whose source code is made available for free and permits users to use, change, and improve it? and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. most important part of computer. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. The Central processing unit (CPU) serves as the primarily processing component of a computer system. The popularity of 16-bit computers, such as the Hewlett-Packard 21xx series and the Data General Nova, led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. True False The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. That's not as trivial. All these previous chips set the stage for the first PC processors. Southwest Technical Products is founded by Daniel Meyer as DEMCO in the 1960s to provide a source for kit versions of projects published in electronics hobbyist magazines. The Simon 1 used relay logic and cost about $600 to build. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. [3] IBM SSEC, became operational in January 1948 but was electromechanical [22] Almost a million units were ordered on the day of release. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. Completed in 1951, Whirlwind remains one of the most important computer projects in the history of computing. University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill develop the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester "Baby." Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apples user community until then. any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? It had two operating modes, one that mirrored the segmented memory of older x86 chips, allowing full backward compatibility, and one that took full advantage of its more advanced technology. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. Definition. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. The Apple Mac computer running the Mac OS System 1 was the first commercially available computer with a graphical user interface. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term personal computer. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. Instead of simply copying the basic input output system (BIOS) of the Apple II as Franklin Computer had done, they reversed engineered the system and sold it for US $479, a much lower price than the comparable Apple II. Built in Sydney, Australia by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for use in its Radio physics Laboratory in Sydney, CSIRAC was designed by British-born Trevor Pearcey, and used unusual 12-hole paper tape. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? The camera had a maximum resolution of 0.11 megapixels a 256-color display, and photos could be shared wirelessly. The Watch was received with great enthusiasm, but critics took issue with the somewhat limited battery life and high price. What set the 486 apart was its optimized instruction set, with an on-chip unified instruction and data cache and an optional on-chip floating-point unit. The Relay Interpolator used 440 relays, and since it was programmable by paper tape, was used for other applications following the war. VisiCalc was released in 1979 and quickly became a must-have tool for business users. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. The NBS also built the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis on the UCLA campus. It developed a very loyal following while add-on components allowed it to be upgraded easily. Assessment instruments may have lower reliability and validity when used with non-native English speakers. Originally a Cray XT3 system, the Jaguar is a massively parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a US science and energy research facility. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. False Drivers are used to communicate with peripheral devices such as monitors, printers, and keyboards. Which of the following is not one of the kinds of interaction that Moore said characterized online courses? Based on ideas from Alan Turing, Britains Pilot ACE computer is constructed at the National Physical Laboratory. Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. The Paragon at Caltech was named the fastest supercomputer in the world in 1992. The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. Under the auspices of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant, biomedical research faculty from around the United States came to a workshop at MIT to build their own LINCs, and then bring them back to their home institutions where they would be used. The machine came with 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64 KB) and an open 100-line bus structure that evolved into the S-100 standard widely used in hobbyist and personal computers of this era. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. FoxBase was originally released for the Apple II in 1984, followed by versions for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, and Atari ST. A version for the Macintosh was also released in 1985. Selling for $1,750, the Micral never penetrated the U.S. market. Using dual PowerPC 603 CPUs, and featuring a large variety of peripheral ports, the first devices were used for software development. . Oddly, the company doesn't use the term in its marketing, preferring instead to refer to the microcomputer (which it calls a "Micom") that implements the fuzzy logic. The display also used In Plane Switching (IPS) technology, which allowed for a wider viewing angle and improved color accuracy. Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. What software was the first available for microcomputers? Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. The Nest Learning Thermostat is an early product made for the emerging Internet of Things, which envisages a world in which common everyday devices have network connectivity and can exchange information or be controlled. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. Applications were also highly innovative: a WYSISYG word processor known as Bravo, a paint program, a graphics editor, and email for example. Nearly a quarter century after IBM launched their PC in 1981, they had become merely another player in a crowded marketplace. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. A. These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions. The Apple II, one of the first commercially successful microcomputers, was debuted at the inaugural show of which annual computer industry conference? What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when she has her students link up with local writers who critique the students' stories and email them feedback before their work is finalized and posted online? HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC). Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. System/360 is a major event in the history of computing. The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. Get started for free! At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers. Description. Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. Which software was the first available for microcomputers? [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. After the war, Herzstarks Curta made history as the smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator ever built. Apple launches the iPhone - a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone - which could download new functionality in the form of "apps" (applications) from the online Apple store. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. Until recently, good microcomputer software for multimedia presentations was not available, but was much in demand by businesses. High packaging density of integrated circuits and a novel Freon cooling system also contributed to its speed. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. Of the dozens of different SWTP kits available, the 6800 proved the most popular. Definition. Harkening back to the hobbyist era of personal computing in the 1970s, Arduino begins as a project of the Interaction Design Institute, Ivrea, Italy. The first large-scale computer communications network, SAGE connects 23 hardened computer sites in the US and Canada. True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. English language learners often score higher on assessments due to their increased focus in language acquisition. Answer (1 of 14): There's a good argument that written mathematics or music is probably the first, a pre-specified structured set of instructions intended to transport and replicate a process. Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. answer choices True Fasle Question 3 30 seconds Q. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). It was used to model the decay of the US nuclear arsenal, analyze financial data, and render 3D medical images in real-time. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. Thousands of software titles were released over the lifespan of the C64 and by the time it was discontinued in 1993, it had sold more than 22 million units. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. Wang was a successful calculator manufacturer, then a successful word processor company. He is the creator of the first consumer flight simulator software. Output was displayed on the users home TV screen through use of an adapter. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. Some of its other innovations were the inclusion of a magneto-optical (MO) disk drive, a digital signal processor and the NeXTSTEP programming environment (later released as OPENSTEP). The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. DEC is founded initially to make electronic modules for test, measurement, prototyping and control markets. ____ operating systems are typically used for a network platform. The RISC PC was used widely in UK broadcast television and in music production. There is an inconsistency between states in the classification of ELL students. While larger than the previous G4 towers, the G5 had comparatively limited space for expansion. What have recent studies of online school performance compared with traditional school performance shown? Three types of the M3 were available two types that measured either temperature or pressure and one that could take images. The typical PDP-1 computer system, which sells for about $120,000, includes a cathode ray tube graphic display, paper tape input/output, needs no air conditioning and requires only one operator; all of which become standards for minicomputers. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? Created almost five years after the original Apple II, Franklin's Ace 1000 main logic board is nearly identical to that in the Apple II+ computer, and other models were later cloned as well. At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. The 6600 retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC 7600, in 1968. User interface Question 13. Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. A (n) _____ is a computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. What is a key technological infrastructure resource for online teaching? Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. Today those systems use the PowerPC chip, also by Motorola and a successor to the 68000 series. The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work.