The Mikmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Mikmaw or Migmaw; English: / m m /; Mikmaq: ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gasp Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine.They call their national territory Mikmaki (or Migmagi). Many Mikmaq people live off-reserve, either in Migmagi or elsewhere. The Mi'kmaq language, one of the Algonkian family of languages, is rich and descriptive. Last Edited. Native American Women. The 2018 Band list included 18,575 members. These Mi'kmaq acted as middlemen in the exchange of European goods for furs. Did You Know? Mikmaki. In the 1600s and 1700s, the council discussed political issues and entered into treaties with the British. The Mikmaq, once known as Micmacs, have a long history in Newfoundland. In 1857, a colonial census of Newfoundland recorded Mi'kmaq settlements at St. George's Bay, Codroy Valley, Bay d'Espoir, and the Bay of Exploits.[5]. As with many Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Mikmaq are strongly affected by the lasting trauma of residential schools. "34, According to Noel Jeddore's son, Peter Jeddore (May 9, 1892 May 18, 1970), his father was exiled because of a misunderstanding with the Catholic priest, Father Stanislaus (Stanley) St. Croix, who arrived in 1916 and was based in St. Alban's as parish priest and school administrator and priest.35 Ethnographer Doug Jackson - who "began research in [Miaswpukek] in 1976 and lived there until 1981" - 36 observed that St. Croix - who forbid the use of traditional language in the church and in the school, was the primary force behind the acceleration of the loss of the Mi'kmaw language in the early twentieth century. They sell their fur locally where they make their small family purchases." The formation of the Qalipu is one example of continued activism among Mikmaq people. The Qalipu First Nation is accepted by the Mi'kmaq Grand Council. convey meaning. In addition to the charts and reports you have Photo Albums, the Events list and the Relationships tool. Joseph Mius II 4. Newfoundland, however, was still sparsely populated, and most Europeans lived on the eastern portion of the island and only in small isolated coastal settlements. Leave a comment, Main Index:First Peoples [Canadian CensusExtracts], Main Index:First Peoples [Canadian Marriage Extracts], Main Index: Early French Canadian Pioneers, Index: A Portrait Gallery of Traditional Quebec Life, Main Index:Quebec & New Brunswick Cemeteries, Index: The Dene in Canadian CensusRecords, Native/First Peoples/Metis Surnames| Census Extracts. Larry Arthur Muise Marie Philippe II Line B 1. Thousands of woodland caribou roamed the bush and barrens. The Qalipu First Nation (Pronounced: ha-lee-boo, meaning: Caribou), is a Mi'kmaq band government, created by order-in-council in 2011 pursuant to the Agreement for the Recognition of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq Band.After the band was approved as a First Nation, 100,000 people applied for membership and a total of 23,000 were approved. The Royal Proclamation of 1763, though it established Indigenous rights in much of Canada, did not mention Maritime colonies. QC | Bonaventure Mann | Mi'kmaq (1921) Index: Native Surname Census Extracts. The protests centred on environmental arguments against fracking and the unceded nature of the territory in question. [28], Shown below are the electoral districts and the results from the 2021 election.[29]. The nation has a Explore Mi'kmaq genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Councillor: Sharren (Sherry) Dean protected the people. Mikmaq these rights. effective management of the fishing and hunting economy. Mikmaw Camp. To provide context, it is believed John Michael may have been Captain Jock Mitchell, the grandfather of Newfoundlands most famous Mikmaq man Mattie Mitchell and father of Bay of Islands ancestor Mary (Mitchell) Brake. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. They pay 60 to 70 cents a pound for their tobacco, 20 to 30 cents for gunpowder, and 10 cents for shot. THE MIKMAQ PRESENCE IN HALLS BAY. In the pre-contact world of Migmagi, oral and archeological history tells of seasonally patterned habitation and resource harvesting spring and summer spent on the coast, fall and winter inland. Julien Mius de Quinan 8. In July 2022, the Mi'kmaq language was recognized as the first language of Nova Scotia. Historians and archaeologists differ as to when the Mi'kmaq first came to Newfoundland. Representatives from across Mikmaq territory sit on the council. Kespek. This band is a landless band based on the island of Newfoundland. link at left for gens) * Desc. Contemporary Mikmaq communities are located predominantly in Nova Scotia and They originally crossed from Cape Breton and settled in St. Georges Bay, from where they travelled the island hunting and tending extensive trap lines. person to be baptized as a Catholic in New France, beginning a pattern of intense conversion and There is some historical evidence that the Mi'kmaq were living in Newfoundland by the 16th century, Alternative names for the Mikmaq appear in some historical sources and include Gaspesians, Souriquois and Tarrantines. Micmac Indians, Mikmaq First Nation. Although not yet functional, the band became the second largest by membership in Canada. Are you sure you want to create this branch? such as the Indian Act. "42, When the first regular priest Father Stanislaus St. Croix arrived in 1916 he wanted the Mi'kmaq to join his parish in St. Albans instead of holding services in their own church. New Brunswicks They presented their concerns regarding the legitimacy of the Qalipu band, and asked for further clarification and explanation by the federal government. Family photographs are organized in the Photo Index. Try the Kinship Relationships Tool. E9E 2P2. [22], Later in 2013, the Mikmaq Grand Council, the traditional government of the Mi'kmaq people, issued a statement to the United Nations denouncing the Qalipu band as illegitimate. 78-712-2462. Millais observed that in the absence of a Catholic priest Conne River at Christmas time, Joe Jeddore was "high priest. The Registered Indian population in Nova Scotia is represented through a series of 13 band councils and two tribal councils, the Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq and the Union of Nova Scotia Indians. Index: The Mi'kmaq in Canadian Census Records. [3] In 2018, Qalipu First Nation also was accepted as a member of the Assembly of First Nations.[4]. Mikmaki. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Before 2011, the population of registered Mikmaq people in Newfoundland They also used the bountiful timber of the region to construct canoes, snowshoes and shelters, usually in combination Maurice Lewis came to Miawipukek originally from Cape Breton in 1815.6 When he left Miawpukek Jerrold hung the medal on the statue of St. Anne near the Catholic Church.7 The priest, St. Croix, who deposed Chief Noel Jeddore in 1924 "was also responsible for dismantling traditional governing structures in the community. [17][18][12][13] In 2017, only 18,044 were eligible for membership. Tribal Headquarters. Economic patterns that privileged employment as labourers effected irreversible change: crafts, coopering, the porpoise fishery, and road, rail and There are many other origin stories that describe how Louis Leon Muise 10. Double consonants or eliminate double consonants. Indian Baby. Mikmaq share close ties with other local peoples, including the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy. fujifilm x a2 x a2 x a2s1650ii 20210608013415 02021! "2425 Like William Cormack who had undertaken an expedition in 1822 to the interior of Newfoundland with his Mi'kmaq guide Joseph Sylvester, a young Mi'kmaq hunter from Miawpukek, Bay d'Espoir, he provided details on the lives of the Newfoundland Mi'kmaq.26272829, Newfoundland Governor William MacGregor visited Bay d'Espoir in September 1908. Louis Mius de SAR 5. Mikmaq participated in the fur trade by serving as intermediaries between Europeans and groups farther west, as fur-bearing animals quickly became scarce in the face of high demand. They gradually made Taqamkuk among their "domain of islands". Sugapunegati (Sipeknikatik), Epegwitg aq Pigtug (Epekwitk aq Piktuk), Gespugwitg (Kespukwitk), Signigtewagi (Siknikt) and Gespegewagi (Kespek). a commercial fishery. The Mikmaq Grand Council (Sante Mawiomi) is the traditional government of the Mikmaq peoples, established before the arrival of Europeans. New Brunswick, but with a significant presence in Quebec, Newfoundland, things came to be and how to live a good life. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. As chief, Noel Jeddore was given guardianship of the gold medal first given to the previous district Chief Maurice Lewis by the Grand Council. (See also Indigenous Peoples: Treaties). Impacts of non RSS; Facebook; Email; Talk to us. Mikmaq The cover of the Beatles classic was produced by Emmas teacher Carter Chiasson, translated by teacher Katani Julian and her father, Albert Golydada Last Name Email Address * Donation Total: $20.00 Mikmaq First Nations Assembly of Newfoundland is a not-for-profit provincial organization is to be a single voice to promote and develop the awareness of the MiKmaq of Newfoundland. Explore Mi'kmaq genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. My thanks to Fran Wilcox for her patience and deligence in extracting all of the Mi'kmaw marriages from the online parish registers of St. Jean-Baptiste, Port-Royal and for her generosity in allowing the Acadian Ancestral Home to post them on this page. After the band was approved as a First Nation, 100,000 people applied for membership and a total of 23,000 were approved. From the Micmac News, September, 1985, page 30, in an article on the North Sydney Holy Cross Cemetary, the following Mi'kmaq names are listed: Bernard, Angus Born-1923 Died-October 19, 1923 Age-6 months Place of Birth-North Sydney. During the visit Grand Keptin Antle Denny, spokesperson for the Grand Council, said, "We were happy to visit and meet some of our relations, visit communities and acknowledge our extended Mikmaq family. In 1999, a report by the Nova Scotia Mikmaw Language Centre of Excellence indicated fewer than 3,000 fluent speakers. [27] In 2021, a referendum passed changing terms of office to four years starting in 2024. St. Croix wanted the Mi'kmaq to stop saying their prayers - particularly in the church - in Mi'kmaq as he thought it "mocked God. All but two communities (the Qalipu Mikmaq First Nation and La Nation Micmac de Gespeg in Fontenelle, Qubec) possess reserve lands. More still may not be included by registered population counts, as they are not recognized as status Other dedicated Aboriginal organizations operating in Nova Scotia include: Mikmaq Family and Childrens Services, the Mikmaw Legal Support Network, the Mikmaq Association for Cultural Studies, the Mikmaw Economic Benefits Office and the Unamaki Institute of Natural Resources. 2. Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland traces the origins of almost 3,000 surnames found on the Island and provides an engaging and comprehensive collection of etymology, genealogy, and Welcome to Newfoundland's Grand Banks Genealogy site. Last Name Email Address * Donation Total: $20.00 Mikmaq First Nations Assembly of Newfoundland is a not-for-profit provincial organization is to be a single voice to promote and staff.usainteanne.ca. Each Album's photographs are accompanied by a caption. The beginnings of the Newfoundland Mi'Kmaq movement in the 1970s may have been well intentioned by the people who initiated it, people such as Chiefs White and Young, but Alternative names for the Micmac, which can be found in historical sources, include Gaspesians, Souriquois, Acadians and Tarrantines; in the mid-19th century Silas Rand recorded the word wejebowkwejik as a self-ascription. Mikmaq is among the Wabanaki cluster of Eastern Algonquian languages, which include the various Abenaki dialects, and the Penobscot and Maliseet-Passamaquoddy languages. | Canadian Mi'kmaq census records, Mi'kmaq Genealogy, Mi'kmaq Micmac Mi'gmaq Surnames, The Micmac of Eastern Canada, Wabanaki Confederacy Surnames | Some historians I have two ancestors, one in Nova Scotia and one in Newfoundland, who I was told, definitively, were Mi'kmaq. Instead, around 100,000 people, or the equivalent of one-fifth of the population of Newfoundland, applied to become band members. In addition to the common practice of taking first names (Paul, Bernard, etc) and important christian holidays (eg - Christmas), the Mi'kmaq also adopted french last names in some cases. Ever since 1 October 1986, Treaty Day in Nova Scotia and some other parts of Atlantic Canada has commemorated the signing and significance of the Peace and Friendship Treaties. It is also accessible from Madelines Trail, which runs from Middle Brook River Trail across a ridge to Stephens Road. In 1822, explorer William Cormack traversed Newfoundland's interior from Trinity Bay to St. George's Bay. Example: For the surname Newill or Nowell, also consider Newil or Nowel. The Chegau family has kinship relationships to many other The Mi'kmaq called themselves L'nu'k, meaning "the people." THE MIKMAQ PRESENCE IN HALLS BAY. Indian Baby. Leadership, based on prestige rather than power, was largely concerned with The Qalipu First Nation (Pronounced: ha-lee-boo, meaning: Caribou),[2] is a Mikmaq band government, created by order-in-council in 2011 pursuant to the Agreement for the Recognition of the Qalipu Mikmaq Band. This article is converted from Wikipedia: Noel Jeddore. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Names like Pilmuipkekatik (where mint grows along the brook) speak to a traditional way of naming lands and water features that was useful and practical for the people of the day. mainstays modern 8-cube bookcase, espresso; dolly perfume release date; mi kmaq family names in newfoundland Unity is the Mikmaq way.[24], The Mi'kmaq Rights Initiative assert that the Qalipu were created as an entity by the federal government, and they do not consider them as part of the broader Mi'kmaq nation. [11] This put the enrolment process to a halt and a supplemental agreement between the Federation of Newfoundland Indians and Canada was formed in 2013. Addendum. He along with some community members chose to go to a Mikmaq reserve in Eskasoni, Cape Breton with very close ties to the Conne River community.4748 Noel Jeddore appointed his son as Chief in the 1920s but his son refused.49 According to American anthropologist and University of Pennsylvania professor Frank Speck, one of his older Mi'kmaq informants described in detail how the Mi'kmaq made the sixty mile voyage across the Cabot Strait between Cape Ray on the south-western coast of Newfoundland and Cape North, Cape Breton in two days by birch bark canoes.5051, According to the Miawpukek First Nation, Jeddore said: "One time before they became Christians, Mikmaw were very strong, not even bullets could hurt them. [25], The Friends of Qalipu Advocacy Association is currently taking Qalipu First Nation (and its precursor) to court over the enrolment process. The Mikmaq were largely allied with French colonial forces, which had established settlements across Acadia until the 18th century. Mikmaq (Mikmaw, Micmac or Lnu, the people in Mikmaq) are Indigenous peoples who are among the original inhabitants in the Atlantic Provinces of Vignettes of Bay St. George Micmacs. 1926 Micmac Road. The Mi'kmaq called themselves L'nu'k, meaning "the people." He was guided by a Mi'kmaw man named Sylvester Joe. However, these numbers may Discover your DNA story and unlock the secrets of your ancestry and genealogy with our DNA kits for ancestry and the worlds most comprehensive DNA database. Numerous First Nation run organizations serve the diverse needs of Aboriginal people in Nova Scotia. The Mikmaq believe that living a good, balanced life means respecting and protecting the environment and living in harmony with the people and creatures that live on the In Ktaqmkuk, Mikmaq intermarried with French settlers and lived primarily along the south and southwest coasts, eventually expanding into Beothuk territory as the number of the As a direct result, the Mikmaq First Nations Assembly of Newfoundland Inc. (also known as MFNAN) was incorporated on May 23, 2013 as a newly formed group which originated initially as an advocacy group called the Qalipu Watchdogs in support of the many unprocessed applications awaiting acceptance to the Qalipu band. Canada. Julien Mius de Quinan 8. The Mikmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Mikmaw or Migmaw; English: / m m /; Mikmaq: ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gasp Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine.They call their national territory Mikmaki (or Migmagi). to relocate to government-designated reserves. Ottawa scrambles to renegotiate 2008 deal after 100,000 people register as Mi'kmaq to receive benefits under agreement with Federation of Newfoundland Indian I'd counsel a combination of DNA testing, careful family tree work, and a very healthy scepticism of family history. The Mikmaq Grand Council is the traditional and spiritual government for the Mikmaw nation. September 7, 2022. The Concordat allegedly made the Mikmaq Catholic subjects, and therefore legitimized trade and other relations between settlers and Indigenous peoples in Acadia or Migmagi. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. Byrne, Chaffey, Fahey, Fizzard, Fudge, Grouchy, Hynes, Inkpen, Lyver, McLaughlin, Miles, Murphy, Puddester, Quirk -- the names themselves are evocative of Newfoundland. Captain Jock Mitchell, Chief of Newfoundland Mikmaq Newfoundlands Most Famous Mikmaq Man, Mattie Mitchell. Before Us. 1900 - Mi'kmaq family in South West Nova Scotia. Aboriginal and Intergovernmental Relations. The moves, undertaken for the sole purpose of streamlining government administration were fraught with mismanagement and Native American. With the Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot and Abenaki peoples, the Mikmaq make up the Wabanaki Confederacy, a confederation of nations politically active at least from contact with Europeans to the present. 1. As a direct result, the Mikmaq First Nations Assembly of Newfoundland Inc. (also known as MFNAN) was incorporated on May 23, 2013 as a newly formed group which originated initially It's a starting point to Newfoundland's unique background and way of life in North American history. Like other Indigenous peoples in the Eastern Woodlands region, Mikmaq practised art intrinsically linked to the natural world. Despite challenges, language programs, including high school immersion programs, have helped to revitalize the language. E9E 2P2. Colonial myths once claimed the French brought Mikmaq to Newfoundland from Nova Scotia to help kill off the Beothuk. and Labrador was significantly lower; in that year, the federal government recognized the status of more than 23,000 Mikmaq people, who formed the Qalipu Mikmaq First Nation. of George & Jane HARVEY (Town of Isle aux Morts) * Hatcher Families Genealogy Association * Herridge-Nurse Family History (Matthews, Garnier, Strickland, etc.) The Mikmaq Cemetery (Borden # DeAn-08) is located on Stephens Road in the Town of Gambo, NL. The Mikmaq, once known as Micmacs, have a long history in Newfoundland. The video At the moment, most of my links are to people recorded in settler records as: Beaver, Chipewyan, Sarcee, Slavey / Esclave and Dene, as well as a some Carrier, Gwichin (Loucheux). In October 2013, members of the Elsipogtog First Nation in New Brunswick organized a demonstration against natural gas fracking being conducted on Crown land near their community. (Migmak, allies; Nigmak, our allies.Hewitt). "8, Lewis as chief made settled disputes about territorial trapping areas and his decisions were final.9 Noel Jeddore was known as Saqamaw Jeddore or Geodol to the Mi'kmaq of Miawpukek/Conne River.10111213 In a 1907 publication Newfoundland and It's Untrodden Ways by Millais (1865 1931) the author included his favourable observations of the Jeddore family and other Conne River Mi'kmaq during his visits to Newfoundland in "two short hunting seasons in 1905-1906." Advice for Researching Mi'kmaq Surname Variations. Homes, churches and industries were abandoned and replaced with poor conditions and economic dependency. Do you know who your second cousins are? D., Department of History, Catholic University of America, 1406 Lawrence St., Brooklyn, USA , Miapukek First Nation: Indian Act: We Got In, We Could Get Out , Anger, Dorothy. In some cases, Mikmaq chants consisted of vocables (spoken syllables) as a means of expressing emotion, rather than words with meanings. This legislation enshrines the Mi'kmaq language as the provinces first language. An Agreement-in-principle was reached in 2006, which the FNI accepted in 2007. This traditional territory is known as Migmagi (Mikmaki) and is made up of seven districts: Unamagi (Unamakik), Esgegewagi (Eskikewakik), [citation needed], In 1972 activists formed the Native Association of Newfoundland and Labrador as the main organization representing the Mi'kmaq, Innu and Inuit peoples of Newfoundland and Labrador. A lobster pound was burned down in Middle West Pubnico In 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed that the Mikmaq and the Crown have a historic Protesters erected blockades on Highway 11 and several organizers were arrested. Click here to visit the Fact Sheets. . Mikmaq oral tradition explains that the world was created in seven stages. For the surname Wilmott, also consider Willmot and Wilmott. Newfoundland And Labrador. Marshall had been convicted in 1996 of fishing out of season, but the court ruled that the Peace and Friendship Treaties, signed in 1760 and 1761, guaranteed Byrne, Chaffey, Fahey, Fizzard, Fudge, Grouchy, Hynes, Inkpen, Lyver, McLaughlin, Miles, Murphy, Puddester, Quirk -- the names themselves are They originally crossed from Cape Breton and settled in St. Georges March 1, 2018. They said that, while the government of Canada may have jurisdiction over who is an Indian, they do not have the constitutional right to determine who is a Mikmaw. They disputed the authority of the federal government to determine who qualifies as Mikmaq. Alternative names for the Mikmaq appear in some historical sources and include Gaspesians, Souriquois and Tarrantines. The only two cows on the reserve were owned by the Jeddore brothers. The Union of Nova Scotia Indians tribal council represents the five First Nation communities within Cape Breton (We'koqma'q, Wagmatcook, Membertou, Eskasoni, and Chapel Island First Nations) along with Acadia First Nation on the Mainland. This band is a landless band based on the island of Newfoundland. Family Names of Joseph dAzy Mius 3. "1617 Jackson described how, the "uninhabited wilderness of the southern interior offered an abundant variety of small game: fox, muskrat and beaver. Ramie Muise 9. The Ktaqmkuk Place Names Project aims to capture and record this information, these place names and what they mean, for our knowledge, and for future generations. Mikmaw Camp. Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland traces the origins of almost 3,000 surnames found on the Island and provides an engaging and comprehensive collection of etymology, genealogy, and. It's a starting point to Newfoundland's unique background and way of life in North American history. Mikmaki. Joseph Mius II There is no central headquarters for the entire Micmac Tribe. Micmac Indians, Mikmaq First Nation. of James HALL (NS & NL - click no. John's}} , The Newfoundland Interior "The Beothuk Phase" , ''Narrative of a Journey Across the Island of Newfoundland'' , ''On the country: The Micmac of Newfoundland'' . Crown copyright 2011, Province of Nova Scotia, all rights reserved. [9] Minister David Crombie was willing to work with the FNI and the government of Newfoundland, but the provincial government considered it to be a federal matter. (See also Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada). 1769) who "was a Kji-Saqamaw or grand chief of the Mikmaq of the provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Quebec. 1. Prolonged conflict between French and British colonial powers often pulled Mikmaq into the fray. | Canadian Native Surnames, Mi'kmaq Micmac Mi'gmaq Surnames, Quebec Mi'kmaq, Wabanaki Confederacy Surnames | McAlpine's Directory of 1894 1898 of the area lists occupants with the surnames of Deman (Damois), Jesso, Tourout, Simon, Benoit, Young, Lainey, Carter, Paria (Porrier), Renouf, and Chesson (Chaisson). Starting in the 1920s, global fur prices began to decline as well, and some Mi'kmaq left trapping to work for Europeans as loggers. As of 2015, there were slightly fewer than 60,000 The tribe has bands in the Provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Quebec in Canada. Click read more to continue. They settled along all principal rivers in Advice for Researching Mi'kmaq Surname Variations. Music is another important element of Mikmaq culture. Phone: 506-836-6100. Many were wounded or killed in battle (see Indigenous Peoples and the First World War). Keep up with the family birthdays and anniversaries in the Events list. "1415, Miawpukek was a summer camp until Jeannot Pequidalouet - the eastern Mi'kmaq chief of Cape Breton, who had previously overwintered in Newfoundland - began to create a permanent settlement in Miawpukek from in the 1760s. My thanks to Fran Wilcox for her patience and deligence in extracting all of the Mi'kmaw marriages from the online parish registers of St. Jean-Baptiste, Port-Royal and for her The nation has a Addendum. [21], In 2013, Chiefs Terrance Paul and Gerard Julian, co-chairs of the Assembly of Nova Scotia Chiefs, sent a joint letter to the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Historically, Mikmaq settlements were characterized by individual or joint households scattered about a bay or along a river. history tells of a Mikmaq womans ancient premonition that people would arrive in Migmagi on floating islands, and a legendary spirit who travelled across the ocean to find blue-eyed people. The foretelling of the arrival of Europeans meant Mikmaq Registration date 25 June 1726. [7], In 2003, Minister Andy Scott was presented with a report that recommended a First Nations band without any reserved land to represent the Mi'kmaq of Newfoundland. 2. In 1610, Henri Membertou, a Mikmaq chief (sagamo or sagamore), became the first Indigenous