[80] Ivory bracelets (Efik: Mme) were worn by wealthy women. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. [44] [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). Hugh, Goldie. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Photo by Jordan Fenton. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. the Ekpe society. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Among the earliest proponents of the Ibibio origin theory are Consul Hutchinson who stated, "The present inhabitants of Duke town, Old town and Creek town are descendants of the Egbo shary or Ibibio tribe up the Cross River. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. AHR ~ 125 The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. [5] Also i want bomb and shell. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Simple theme. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. ekpe society cameroonworld market toblerone. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. . Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). by Web Services Editor. JavaScript is disabled. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Dropping by to say, "Hi!" Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). (Ed.). Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo.